build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/566e0394859fdc1dc893658ccec6b06372d56a91/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts#L9-L15

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/compiler/testing/src/output/source_map_util.ts

@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ export function extractSourceMap(source: string): SourceMap|null {
 
 function decodeB64String(s: string): string {
   return b64.toByteArray(s).reduce((s: string, c: number) => s + String.fromCharCode(c), '');
-}
+}