build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/566e0394859fdc1dc893658ccec6b06372d56a91/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts#L9-L15

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/core/testing/src/testing_internal.ts

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export const proxy: ClassDecorator = (t: any) => t;
 const _global = <any>(typeof window === 'undefined' ? global : window);
 
 export const afterEach: Function = _global.afterEach;
-export const expect: (actual: any) => jasmine.Matchers = _global.expect;
+export const expect: <T>(actual: T) => jasmine.Matchers<T> = _global.expect;
 
 const jsmBeforeEach = _global.beforeEach;
 const jsmDescribe = _global.describe;