build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/566e0394859fdc1dc893658ccec6b06372d56a91/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts#L9-L15

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

packages/platform-browser/testing/src/matchers.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {ɵgetDOM as getDOM} from '@angular/platform-browser';
 /**
  * Jasmine matchers that check Angular specific conditions.
  */
-export interface NgMatchers extends jasmine.Matchers {
+export interface NgMatchers extends jasmine.Matchers<any> {
   /**
    * Expect the value to be a `Promise`.
    *