build: upgrade jasmine (and related typings) to latest version (#19904)

With these changes, the types are a little stricter now and also not
compatible with Protractor's jasmine-like syntax. So, we have to also
use `@types/jasminewd2` for e2e tests (but not for non-e2e tests).

I also had to "augment" `@types/jasminewd2`, because the latest
typings from [DefinitelyTyped][1] do not reflect the fact that the
`jasminewd2` version (v2.1.0) currently used by Protractor supports
passing a `done` callback to a spec.

[1]: https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/566e0394859fdc1dc893658ccec6b06372d56a91/types/jasminewd2/index.d.ts#L9-L15

Fixes #23952
Closes #24733

PR Close #19904

scripts/ci/build.sh

@@ -60,5 +60,6 @@ travisFoldEnd "tsc tools"
 travisFoldStart "tsc all"
   node dist/tools/@angular/compiler-cli/src/main -p packages/tsconfig-metadata.json
   $(npm bin)/tsc -p packages
+  $(npm bin)/tsc -p packages/examples
   $(npm bin)/tsc -p modules
 travisFoldEnd "tsc all"