refactor(core): change module semantics

This contains major changes to the compiler, bootstrap of the platforms
and test environment initialization.

Main part of #10043
Closes #10164

BREAKING CHANGE:
- Semantics and name of `@AppModule` (now `@NgModule`) changed quite a bit.
  This is actually not breaking as `@AppModules` were not part of rc.4.
  We will have detailed docs on `@NgModule` separately.
- `coreLoadAndBootstrap` and `coreBootstrap` can't be used any more (without migration support).
  Use `bootstrapModule` / `bootstrapModuleFactory` instead.
- All Components listed in routes have to be part of the `declarations` of an NgModule.
  Either directly on the bootstrap module / lazy loaded module, or in an NgModule imported by them.

modules/@angular/core/src/application_module.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
+ */
+
+import {Type} from '../src/facade/lang';
+
+import {ApplicationRef, ApplicationRef_, isDevMode} from './application_ref';
+import {APP_ID_RANDOM_PROVIDER} from './application_tokens';
+import {IterableDiffers, KeyValueDiffers, defaultIterableDiffers, defaultKeyValueDiffers} from './change_detection/change_detection';
+import {OptionalMetadata, SkipSelfMetadata} from './di';
+import {Compiler} from './linker/compiler';
+import {ComponentFactoryResolver} from './linker/component_factory_resolver';
+import {ComponentResolver} from './linker/component_resolver';
+import {DynamicComponentLoader, DynamicComponentLoader_} from './linker/dynamic_component_loader';
+import {ViewUtils} from './linker/view_utils';
+import {NgModule} from './metadata';
+import {NgZone} from './zone/ng_zone';
+
+let __unused: Type;  // avoid unused import when Type union types are erased
+
+export function _componentFactoryResolverFactory() {
+  return ComponentFactoryResolver.NULL;
+}
+
+export function _iterableDiffersFactory() {
+  return defaultIterableDiffers;
+}
+
+export function _keyValueDiffersFactory() {
+  return defaultKeyValueDiffers;
+}
+
+export function createNgZone(parent: NgZone): NgZone {
+  // If an NgZone is already present in the parent injector,
+  // use that one. Creating the NgZone in the same injector as the
+  // application is dangerous as some services might get created before
+  // the NgZone has been created.
+  // We keep the NgZone factory in the application providers for
+  // backwards compatibility for now though.
+  if (parent) {
+    return parent;
+  }
+  return new NgZone({enableLongStackTrace: isDevMode()});
+}
+
+/**
+ * A default set of providers which should be included in any Angular
+ * application, regardless of the platform it runs onto.
+ *
+ * @deprecated Include `ApplicationModule` instead.
+ */
+export const APPLICATION_COMMON_PROVIDERS: Array<Type|{[k: string]: any}|any[]> = [];
+
+/**
+ * This module includes the providers of @angular/core that are needed
+ * to bootstrap components via `ApplicationRef`.
+ *
+ * @experimental
+ */
+@NgModule({
+  providers: [
+    {
+      provide: NgZone,
+      useFactory: createNgZone,
+      deps: <any>[[new SkipSelfMetadata(), new OptionalMetadata(), NgZone]]
+    },
+    ApplicationRef_,
+    {provide: ApplicationRef, useExisting: ApplicationRef_},
+    Compiler,
+    {provide: ComponentResolver, useExisting: Compiler},
+    {provide: ComponentFactoryResolver, useFactory: _componentFactoryResolverFactory},
+    APP_ID_RANDOM_PROVIDER,
+    ViewUtils,
+    {provide: IterableDiffers, useFactory: _iterableDiffersFactory},
+    {provide: KeyValueDiffers, useFactory: _keyValueDiffersFactory},
+    {provide: DynamicComponentLoader, useClass: DynamicComponentLoader_},
+  ]
+})
+export class ApplicationModule {
+}