feat(compiler): support sync runtime compile

Adds new abstraction `Compiler` with methods
`compileComponentAsync` and `compileComponentSync`.
This is in preparation of deprecating `ComponentResolver`.

`compileComponentSync` is able to compile components
synchronously given all components either have an inline
template or they have been compiled before.

Also changes `TestComponentBuilder.createSync` to
take a `Type` and use the new `compileComponentSync` method.

Also supports overriding the component metadata even if
the component has already been compiled.

Also fixes #7084 in a better way.

BREAKING CHANGE:
`TestComponentBuilder.createSync` now takes a component type
and throws if not all templates are either inlined
are compiled before via `createAsync`.

Closes #9594

modules/@angular/compiler/src/compiler.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
-import {ComponentResolver, Type} from '@angular/core';
+import {Compiler, ComponentResolver, Type} from '@angular/core';
 
 export * from './template_ast';
 export {TEMPLATE_TRANSFORMS} from './template_parser';
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export const COMPILER_PROVIDERS: Array<any|Type|{[k: string]: any}|any[]> =
       /*@ts2dart_Provider*/ {provide: CompilerConfig, useValue: new CompilerConfig()},
       RuntimeCompiler,
       /*@ts2dart_Provider*/ {provide: ComponentResolver, useExisting: RuntimeCompiler},
+      /*@ts2dart_Provider*/ {provide: Compiler, useExisting: RuntimeCompiler},
       DomElementSchemaRegistry,
       /*@ts2dart_Provider*/ {provide: ElementSchemaRegistry, useExisting: DomElementSchemaRegistry},
       UrlResolver, ViewResolver, DirectiveResolver, PipeResolver