feat(compiler): support sync runtime compile

Adds new abstraction `Compiler` with methods
`compileComponentAsync` and `compileComponentSync`.
This is in preparation of deprecating `ComponentResolver`.

`compileComponentSync` is able to compile components
synchronously given all components either have an inline
template or they have been compiled before.

Also changes `TestComponentBuilder.createSync` to
take a `Type` and use the new `compileComponentSync` method.

Also supports overriding the component metadata even if
the component has already been compiled.

Also fixes #7084 in a better way.

BREAKING CHANGE:
`TestComponentBuilder.createSync` now takes a component type
and throws if not all templates are either inlined
are compiled before via `createAsync`.

Closes #9594

modules/@angular/compiler-cli/src/extract_i18n.ts

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class Extractor {
         /*console*/ null, []);
     const offlineCompiler = new compiler.OfflineCompiler(
         normalizer, tmplParser, new StyleCompiler(urlResolver), new ViewCompiler(config),
-        new TypeScriptEmitter(reflectorHost), xhr);
+        new TypeScriptEmitter(reflectorHost));
     const resolver = new CompileMetadataResolver(
         new compiler.DirectiveResolver(staticReflector), new compiler.PipeResolver(staticReflector),
         new compiler.ViewResolver(staticReflector), config, staticReflector);