Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master'

algorithms-miscellaneous-6/README.md

@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@
 - [Efficiently Merge Sorted Java Sequences](https://www.baeldung.com/java-merge-sorted-sequences)
 - [Introduction to Greedy Algorithms with Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-greedy-algorithms)
 - [The Caesar Cipher in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-caesar-cipher)
+- [Implementing a 2048 Solver in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/2048-java-solver)
+- [Finding Top K Elements in an Array](https://www.baeldung.com/java-array-top-elements)
 - More articles: [[<-- prev]](/../algorithms-miscellaneous-5)

apache-shiro/README.md

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ This module contains articles about Apache Shiro
 
 - [Introduction to Apache Shiro](https://www.baeldung.com/apache-shiro)
 - [Permissions-Based Access Control with Apache Shiro](https://www.baeldung.com/apache-shiro-access-control)
-
+- [Spring Security vs Apache Shiro](https://www.baeldung.com/spring-security-vs-apache-shiro)

core-groovy/README.md

@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ This module contains articles about core Groovy concepts
 - [Converting a String to a Date in Groovy](https://www.baeldung.com/groovy-string-to-date)
 - [Guide to I/O in Groovy](https://www.baeldung.com/groovy-io)
 - [Convert String to Integer in Groovy](https://www.baeldung.com/groovy-convert-string-to-integer)
+- [Groovy Variable Scope](https://www.baeldung.com/groovy/variable-scope)
 - [[More -->]](/core-groovy-2)

core-java-modules/core-java-11/README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This module contains articles about Java 11 core features
 - [Java 11 Local Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters](https://www.baeldung.com/java-var-lambda-params)
 - [Java 11 String API Additions](https://www.baeldung.com/java-11-string-api)
 - [Java 11 Nest Based Access Control](https://www.baeldung.com/java-nest-based-access-control)
-- [Exploring the New HTTP Client in Java 9 and 11](https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-http-client)
+- [Exploring the New HTTP Client in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-http-client)
 - [An Introduction to Epsilon GC: A No-Op Experimental Garbage Collector](https://www.baeldung.com/jvm-epsilon-gc-garbage-collector)
 - [Guide to jlink](https://www.baeldung.com/jlink)
 - [Negate a Predicate Method Reference with Java 11](https://www.baeldung.com/java-negate-predicate-method-reference)

core-java-modules/core-java-9-jigsaw/src/simple-modules/main.app/com/baeldung/modules/main/MainApp.java

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package com.baeldung.modules.main;
 
+import com.baeldung.modules.hello.HelloInterface;
 import com.baeldung.modules.hello.HelloModules;
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
 
 public class MainApp {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         HelloModules.doSomething();
-
-        HelloModules module = new HelloModules();
-        module.sayHello();
+        
+        Iterable<HelloInterface> services = ServiceLoader.load(HelloInterface.class);
+        HelloInterface service = services.iterator().next();
+        service.sayHello();
     }
 }

core-java-modules/core-java-9-new-features/README.md

@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ This module contains articles about core Java features that have been introduced
 - [Java 9 Platform Logging API](https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-logging-api)
 - [Java 9 Reactive Streams](https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-reactive-streams)
 - [Multi-Release JAR Files with Maven](https://www.baeldung.com/maven-multi-release-jars)
+- [The Difference between RxJava API and the Java 9 Flow API](https://www.baeldung.com/rxjava-vs-java-flow-api)

core-java-modules/core-java-9/README.md

@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ This module contains articles about Java 9 core features
 - [Iterate Through a Range of Dates in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-iterate-date-range)
 - [Initialize a HashMap in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-initialize-hashmap)
 - [Immutable ArrayList in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-immutable-list)
+- [Easy Ways to Write a Java InputStream to an OutputStream](https://www.baeldung.com/java-inputstream-to-outputstream)

core-java-modules/core-java-arrays-guides/README.md

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ This module contains complete guides about arrays in Java
 ### Relevant Articles: 
 - [Arrays in Java: A Reference Guide](https://www.baeldung.com/java-arrays-guide)
 - [Guide to the java.util.Arrays Class](https://www.baeldung.com/java-util-arrays)
-- [What is [Ljava.lang.Object;?]](https://www.baeldung.com/java-tostring-array)
+- [What is \[Ljava.lang.Object;?](https://www.baeldung.com/java-tostring-array)

core-java-modules/core-java-collections-3/README.md

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 ## Core Java Collections Cookbooks and Examples
 
 ### Relevant Articles: 
+
 - [Time Comparison of Arrays.sort(Object[]) and Arrays.sort(int[])](https://www.baeldung.com/arrays-sortobject-vs-sortint)
 - [Java ArrayList vs Vector](https://www.baeldung.com/java-arraylist-vs-vector)
 - [Differences Between HashMap and Hashtable](https://www.baeldung.com/hashmap-hashtable-differences)
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@
 - [Performance of contains() in a HashSet vs ArrayList](https://www.baeldung.com/java-hashset-arraylist-contains-performance)
 - [Fail-Safe Iterator vs Fail-Fast Iterator](https://www.baeldung.com/java-fail-safe-vs-fail-fast-iterator)
 - [Quick Guide to the Java Stack](https://www.baeldung.com/java-stack)
+- [Convert an Array of Primitives to a List](https://www.baeldung.com/java-primitive-array-to-list)

core-java-modules/core-java-collections-3/pom.xml

@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@
     </parent>
 
     <dependencies>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.openjdk.jol</groupId>
+            <artifactId>jol-core</artifactId>
+            <version>${jol-core.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
             <artifactId>jmh-core</artifactId>
@@ -37,6 +42,7 @@
     <properties>
         <openjdk.jmh.version>1.19</openjdk.jmh.version>
         <assertj.version>3.11.1</assertj.version>
+        <jol-core.version>0.10</jol-core.version>
     </properties>
 
 </project>

core-java-modules/core-java-collections-3/src/test/java/com/baeldung/collections/bitset/BitSetUnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+package com.baeldung.collections.bitset;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.openjdk.jol.info.ClassLayout;
+import org.openjdk.jol.info.GraphLayout;
+
+import java.util.BitSet;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+public class BitSetUnitTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBoolArray_whenMemoryLayout_thenConsumeMoreThanOneBit() {
+        boolean[] bits = new boolean[1024 * 1024];
+
+        System.out.println(ClassLayout.parseInstance(bits).toPrintable());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenMemoryLayout_thenConsumeOneBitPerFlag() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet(1024 * 1024);
+
+        System.out.println(GraphLayout.parseInstance(bitSet).toPrintable());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenSetting_thenShouldBeTrue() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+
+        bitSet.set(10);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(10)).isTrue();
+
+        bitSet.set(20, 30);
+        for (int i = 20; i <= 29; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(30)).isFalse();
+
+        bitSet.set(10, false);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(10)).isFalse();
+
+        bitSet.set(20, 30, false);
+        for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isFalse();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenClearing_thenShouldBeFalse() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+        bitSet.set(42);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(42)).isTrue();
+
+        bitSet.clear(42);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(42)).isFalse();
+
+        bitSet.set(10, 20);
+        for (int i = 10; i < 20; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+
+        bitSet.clear(10, 20);
+        for (int i = 10; i < 20; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isFalse();
+        }
+
+        bitSet.set(10, 20);
+        bitSet.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isFalse();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenGettingElements_thenShouldReturnRequestedBits() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+        bitSet.set(42);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(42)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(43)).isFalse();
+
+        bitSet.set(10, 20);
+        BitSet newBitSet = bitSet.get(10, 20);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            assertThat(newBitSet.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenFlip_thenTogglesTrueToFalseAndViceVersa() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+        bitSet.set(42);
+        bitSet.flip(42);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(42)).isFalse();
+
+        bitSet.flip(12);
+        assertThat(bitSet.get(12)).isTrue();
+
+        bitSet.flip(30, 40);
+        for (int i = 30; i < 40; i++) {
+            assertThat(bitSet.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenGettingTheSize_thenReturnsTheSize() {
+        BitSet defaultBitSet = new BitSet();
+        assertThat(defaultBitSet.size()).isEqualTo(64);
+
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet(1024);
+        assertThat(bitSet.size()).isEqualTo(1024);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.cardinality()).isEqualTo(0);
+        bitSet.set(10, 30);
+        assertThat(bitSet.cardinality()).isEqualTo(30 - 10);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.length()).isEqualTo(30);
+        bitSet.set(100);
+        assertThat(bitSet.length()).isEqualTo(101);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.isEmpty()).isFalse();
+        bitSet.clear();
+        assertThat(bitSet.isEmpty()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenSetOperations_thenShouldReturnAnotherBitSet() {
+        BitSet first = new BitSet();
+        first.set(5, 10);
+
+        BitSet second = new BitSet();
+        second.set(7, 15);
+
+        assertThat(first.intersects(second)).isTrue();
+
+        first.and(second);
+        assertThat(first.get(7)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(first.get(8)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(first.get(9)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(first.get(10)).isFalse();
+
+        first.clear();
+        first.set(5, 10);
+
+        first.xor(second);
+        for (int i = 5; i < 7; i++) {
+            assertThat(first.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+        for (int i = 10; i < 15; i++) {
+            assertThat(first.get(i)).isTrue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenStream_thenStreamsAllSetBits() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+        bitSet.set(15, 25);
+
+        bitSet.stream().forEach(System.out::println);
+        assertThat(bitSet.stream().count()).isEqualTo(10);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenBitSet_whenNextOrPrev_thenReturnsTheNextOrPrevClearOrSetBit() {
+        BitSet bitSet = new BitSet();
+        bitSet.set(15, 25);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.nextSetBit(13)).isEqualTo(15);
+        assertThat(bitSet.nextSetBit(25)).isEqualTo(-1);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.nextClearBit(23)).isEqualTo(25);
+
+        assertThat(bitSet.previousClearBit(24)).isEqualTo(14);
+        assertThat(bitSet.previousSetBit(29)).isEqualTo(24);
+        assertThat(bitSet.previousSetBit(14)).isEqualTo(-1);
+    }
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-concurrency-advanced-3/README.md

@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ This module contains articles about advanced topics about multithreading with co
 - [The ABA Problem in Concurrency](https://www.baeldung.com/cs/aba-concurrency)
 - [Introduction to Lock-Free Data Structures](https://www.baeldung.com/lock-free-programming)
 - [Introduction to Exchanger in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-exchanger)
+- [Why Not To Start A Thread In The Constructor?](https://www.baeldung.com/java-thread-constructor)
 - [[<-- previous]](/core-java-modules/core-java-concurrency-advanced-2)

core-java-modules/core-java-concurrency-basic-2/README.md

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 This module contains articles about basic Java concurrency
 
 ### Relevant Articles: 
+
 - [How to Delay Code Execution in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-delay-code-execution)
 - [wait and notify() Methods in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-wait-notify)
 - [Difference Between Wait and Sleep in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-wait-and-sleep)
 - [Guide to the Synchronized Keyword in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-synchronized)
 - [Life Cycle of a Thread in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-thread-lifecycle)
 - [Guide to AtomicMarkableReference](https://www.baeldung.com/java-atomicmarkablereference)
+- [Why are Local Variables Thread-Safe in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-local-variables-thread-safe)
 - [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-concurrency-basic)

core-java-modules/core-java-console/src/main/java/com/baeldung/consoleout/ConsoleAndOut.java

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package com.baeldung.consoleout;
+
+import java.io.Console;
+
+public class ConsoleAndOut {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        try {
+            printConsoleObject();
+            readPasswordFromConsole();
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            // Eating NullPointerExcpetion which will occur when this 
+            // program will be run from mediums other than console
+        }
+        printSysOut();    
+    }
+
+    static void printConsoleObject() {
+        Console console = System.console();
+        console.writer().print(console);
+    }
+
+    static void readPasswordFromConsole() {
+        Console console = System.console();
+        char[] password = console.readPassword("Enter password: ");
+        console.printf(String.valueOf(password));
+    }
+    
+    static void printSysOut() {
+        System.out.println(System.out);
+    }
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-console/src/test/java/com/baeldung/consoleout/ConsoleAndOutUnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package com.baeldung.consoleout;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class ConsoleAndOutUnitTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void whenRetreivingConsole_thenPrintConsoleObject() {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
+            ConsoleAndOut.printConsoleObject();  
+        });
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    void whenReadingPassword_thenReadPassword() {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
+            ConsoleAndOut.readPasswordFromConsole();  
+        });
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    void whenRetrievingSysOut_thenPrintSysOutObject() {
+        ConsoleAndOut.printSysOut();
+    }
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-date-operations-2/README.md

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 This module contains articles about date operations in Java.
 
 ### Relevant Articles:
+
 - [Get the Current Date Prior to Java 8](https://www.baeldung.com/java-get-the-current-date-legacy)
 - [Skipping Weekends While Adding Days to LocalDate in Java 8](https://www.baeldung.com/java-localdate-add-days-skip-weekends)
 - [Checking If Two Java Dates Are on the Same Day](https://www.baeldung.com/java-check-two-dates-on-same-day)
@@ -9,4 +10,5 @@ This module contains articles about date operations in Java.
 - [How to Set the JVM Time Zone](https://www.baeldung.com/java-jvm-time-zone)
 - [How to determine day of week by passing specific date in Java?](https://www.baeldung.com/java-get-day-of-week)
 - [Finding Leap Years in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-leap-year)
+- [Getting the Week Number From Any Date](https://www.baeldung.com/java-get-week-number)
 - [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-date-operations-1)

core-java-modules/core-java-exceptions-2/README.md

@@ -12,3 +12,5 @@ This module contains articles about core java exceptions
 - [Java – Try with Resources](https://www.baeldung.com/java-try-with-resources)
 - [Java Global Exception Handler](https://www.baeldung.com/java-global-exception-handler)
 - [How to Find an Exception’s Root Cause in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-exception-root-cause)
+- [Java IOException “Too many open files”](https://www.baeldung.com/java-too-many-open-files)
+- [When Does Java Throw the ExceptionInInitializerError?](https://www.baeldung.com/java-exceptionininitializererror)

core-java-modules/core-java-io-2/README.md

@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ This module contains articles about core Java input and output (IO)
 - [How to Copy a File with Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-copy-file)
 - [Create a Directory in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-create-directory) 
 - [Java IO vs NIO](https://www.baeldung.com/java-io-vs-nio)
-- [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-io)
+- [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-io)[[More -->]](/core-java-modules/core-java-io-3)

core-java-modules/core-java-io-3/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+## Core Java IO
+
+This module contains articles about core Java input and output (IO)
+
+### Relevant Articles: 
+
+- [Java – Create a File](https://www.baeldung.com/java-how-to-create-a-file)
+- [Check If a Directory Is Empty in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-check-empty-directory)
+- [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-io-2)

core-java-modules/core-java-io-3/pom.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project
+    xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+    <artifactId>core-java-io-3</artifactId>
+    <version>0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    <name>core-java-io-3</name>
+    <packaging>jar</packaging>
+    <parent>
+        <groupId>com.baeldung.core-java-modules</groupId>
+        <artifactId>core-java-modules</artifactId>
+        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+        <relativePath>../</relativePath>
+    </parent>
+
+    <dependencies>
+        <!-- utils -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
+            <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
+            <version>${guava.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <!-- utils -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
+            <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
+            <version>${commons-io.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <!-- logging -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
+            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
+            <version>${log4j.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <dependency> <!-- needed to bridge to slf4j for projects that use the log4j APIs directly -->
+            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
+            <artifactId>log4j-over-slf4j</artifactId>
+            <version>${org.slf4j.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <!-- test scoped -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
+            <artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
+            <version>${assertj.version}</version>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
+
+    </dependencies>
+
+    <build>
+    </build>
+
+    <properties>
+        <assertj.version>3.6.1</assertj.version>
+    </properties>
+
+</project>

core-java-modules/core-java-io-3/src/test/java/com/baeldung/createfile/CreateFileUnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package com.baeldung.createfile;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+public class CreateFileUnitTest {
+
+    private final String FILE_NAME = "src/test/resources/fileToCreate.txt";
+
+    @AfterEach
+    @BeforeEach
+    public void cleanUpFiles() {
+        File targetFile = new File(FILE_NAME);
+        targetFile.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenUsingNio_whenCreatingFile_thenCorrect() throws IOException {
+        Path newFilePath = Paths.get(FILE_NAME);
+        Files.createFile(newFilePath);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenUsingFile_whenCreatingFile_thenCorrect() throws IOException {
+        File newFile = new File(FILE_NAME);
+        boolean success = newFile.createNewFile();
+        assertTrue(success);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenUsingGuava_whenCreatingFile_thenCorrect() throws IOException {
+        com.google.common.io.Files.touch(new File(FILE_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenUsingCommonsIo_whenCreatingFile_thenCorrect() throws IOException {
+        FileUtils.touch(new File(FILE_NAME));
+    }
+
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-io-3/src/test/java/com/baeldung/emptiness/DirectoryEmptinessUnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package com.baeldung.emptiness;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+public class DirectoryEmptinessUnitTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenPath_whenInvalid_thenReturnsFalse() throws IOException {
+        assertThat(isEmpty(Paths.get("invalid-addr"))).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenPath_whenNotDirectory_thenReturnsFalse() throws IOException {
+        Path aFile = Paths.get(getClass().getResource("/notDir.txt").getPath());
+        assertThat(isEmpty(aFile)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenPath_whenNotEmptyDir_thenReturnsFalse() throws IOException {
+        Path currentDir = new File("").toPath().toAbsolutePath();
+        assertThat(isEmpty(currentDir)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenPath_whenIsEmpty_thenReturnsTrue() throws Exception {
+        Path path = Files.createTempDirectory("baeldung-empty");
+        assertThat(isEmpty(path)).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isEmpty(Path path) throws IOException {
+        if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
+            try (DirectoryStream<Path> directory = Files.newDirectoryStream(path)) {
+                return !directory.iterator().hasNext();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isEmpty2(Path path) throws IOException {
+        if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
+            try (Stream<Path> entries = Files.list(path)) {
+                return !entries.findFirst().isPresent();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isEmptyInefficient(Path path) {
+        return path.toFile().listFiles().length == 0;
+    }
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-io-apis/README.md

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ This module contains articles about core Java input/output(IO) APIs.
 - [A Guide to the Java FileReader Class](https://www.baeldung.com/java-filereader)
 - [The Java File Class](https://www.baeldung.com/java-io-file)
 - [Java FileWriter](https://www.baeldung.com/java-filewriter)
-- [Differences Between the Java WatchService API and the Apache Commons IO Monitor Library](https://www.baeldung.com/java-watchservice-vs-apache-commons-io-monitor-library)
 - [Comparing getPath(), getAbsolutePath(), and getCanonicalPath() in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-path)
 - [Quick Use of FilenameFilter](https://www.baeldung.com/java-filename-filter)
 - [Guide to BufferedReader](https://www.baeldung.com/java-buffered-reader)

core-java-modules/core-java-jvm-2/README.md

@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@ This module contains articles about working with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 - [Measuring Object Sizes in the JVM](https://www.baeldung.com/jvm-measuring-object-sizes)
 - [Adding Shutdown Hooks for JVM Applications](https://www.baeldung.com/jvm-shutdown-hooks)
 - [boolean and boolean[] Memory Layout in the JVM](https://www.baeldung.com/jvm-boolean-memory-layout)
-- More articles: [[<-- prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-jvm)
+- [Where Is the Array Length Stored in JVM?](https://www.baeldung.com/java-jvm-array-length)
+- [Memory Address of Objects in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-object-memory-address)
+- More articles: [[<-- prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-jvm)

core-java-modules/core-java-lang-3/README.md

@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 
 This module contains articles about core features in the Java language
 
+- [Class.isInstance vs Class.isAssignableFrom](https://www.baeldung.com/java-isinstance-isassignablefrom)
+- [Converting a Java String Into a Boolean](https://www.baeldung.com/java-string-to-boolean)
 - [[<-- Prev]](/core-java-modules/core-java-lang-2)

core-java-modules/core-java-lang-3/pom.xml

@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@
         <assertj.version>3.12.2</assertj.version>
     </properties>
       
-</project>
+</project>

core-java-modules/core-java-lang-3/src/main/java/com/baeldung/staticvariables/StaticVariableDemo.java

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package com.baeldung.staticvariables;
+
+public class StaticVariableDemo {
+    public static int i;
+    public static int j = 20;
+    public static int z;
+
+    static {
+        z = 30;
+        a = 40;
+    }
+
+    public static int a = 50;
+
+    public static final int b = 100;
+
+    public StaticVariableDemo() {
+    }
+
+    static class Nested {
+        public static String nestedClassStaticVariable = "test";
+    }
+}

core-java-modules/core-java-lang-3/src/test/java/com/baeldung/staticvariables/StaticVariableUnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package com.baeldung.staticvariables;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+public class StaticVariableUnitTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void initializeStaticVariable_checkAssignedValues() {
+
+        try {
+            Class<?> staticVariableDemo = this.getClass()
+                .getClassLoader()
+                .loadClass("com.baeldung.staticvariables.StaticVariableDemo");
+
+            Field field1 = staticVariableDemo.getField("i");
+
+            assertThat(field1.getInt(staticVariableDemo)).isEqualTo(0);
+
+            Field field2 = staticVariableDemo.getField("j");
+
+            assertThat(field2.getInt(staticVariableDemo)).isEqualTo(20);
+
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchFieldException | SecurityException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void initializeStaticVariable_checkStaticBlock() {
+
+        try {
+            Class<?> staticVariableDemo = this.getClass()
+                .getClassLoader()
+                .loadClass("com.baeldung.staticvariables.StaticVariableDemo");
+
+            Field field1 = staticVariableDemo.getField("z");
+
+            assertThat(field1.getInt(staticVariableDemo)).isEqualTo(30);
+
+            Field field2 = staticVariableDemo.getField("a");
+
+            assertThat(field2.getInt(staticVariableDemo)).isEqualTo(50);
+
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchFieldException | SecurityException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void initializeStaticVariable_checkFinalValues() {
+
+        try {
+            Class<?> staticVariableDemo = this.getClass()
+                .getClassLoader()
+                .loadClass("com.baeldung.staticvariables.StaticVariableDemo");
+
+            Field field1 = staticVariableDemo.getField("b");
+
+            assertThat(field1.getInt(staticVariableDemo)).isEqualTo(100);
+
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchFieldException | SecurityException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void initializeStaticVariable_checkInnerClassValues() {
+
+        try {
+            Class<?> staticVariableDemo = this.getClass()
+                .getClassLoader()
+                .loadClass("com.baeldung.staticvariables.StaticVariableDemo");
+
+            Class<?>[] nestedClasses = staticVariableDemo.getClasses();
+
+            for (Class<?> nestedClass : nestedClasses) {
+                if (nestedClass.getName()
+                    .equals("Nested")) {
+
+                    Field field1 = nestedClass.getField("nestedClassStaticVariable");
+                    assertThat(field1.get(nestedClass)).isEqualTo("test");
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchFieldException | SecurityException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+    }
+}